Todd Gitlin Summary on Media

Todd Gitlin is a remarkable creator conceived in New York City. He went to the University of California at Berkeley, where he got a PhD in human science and was intensely engaged with the Students for a Democratic Society gathering. Gitlin is presently an educator at New York University where he shows culture, news coverage, and human science. Gitlin’s choice, Supersaturation, or, The Media Torrent and Disposable Feeling, originates from his book Media Unlimited: How the Torrent of Images and Sounds Overwhelms Our Lives (2001). In this choice, Gitlin depicts how private lives and household spaces have developed from the seventeenth-century up to this point. He feels like our once private family units are presently commanded by other common things as media. There are numerous thoughts in Todd Gitlin’s works that help his perspective on our media impacted world, two of which, are the thoughts of â€Å"supersaturation† and â€Å"disposable inclination. † According to word reference. com the meaning of supersaturation is â€Å"to increment the grouping of (an answer) past immersion. Gitlin utilizes the word â€Å"supersaturation† to depict the way today’s world has totally consumed the media and its relations. Society has become drenched in the tattle and pictures showed by the media. The lines between living space and working space are no longer as particular as they used to be. Gitlin states that, â€Å"the outside world has entered the home with retaliation †in the bounty of media† (Gitlin 558). Identifying with this equivalent idea, Gitlin utilizes the possibility of â€Å"disposable feeling† to clarify the path individuals of today can move starting with one common picture then onto the next, one bit of tattle to another, with no worry. We can disregard them and return to them later in the event that we decide to do as such. In some of Gitlin’s research, he alludes to the works of examiner Raymond Williams who states, â€Å"What we have now is dramatization as routine experience, more in seven days, as a rule, than most people would already have found in a lifetime† (Gitlin 559). We have gotten insusceptible to genuine affections for singular pictures and stories, and blossom with the possibility of the following tattle that will follow. In this choice of the book, Gitlin talks about a seventeenth-century Dutch painter by the name of Vermeer. Vermeer was known for being capable to†fr[ee]ze moments, yet moments that talked about the general consistency of the world where his subjects lived† (Gitlin 558). Individuals gathered Vermeer’s canvases for show all through their homes. Gitlin considers Vermeer to be the seventeenth-century adaptation of the media. In that time, the pictures painted were comparative with the people’s period and private world. In today’s world Vermeer would be the identical to a big name picture taker or film chief. On the off chance that Vermeer, or some other craftsman of his time, were to see today’s family units, they would find that the once private space inside the house is presently significantly more commanded by pictures of the outside world than what might have been conceivable in the 1600’s. As referenced in Gitlin’s research, measurements show that, â€Å" ‘watching TV is the prevailing recreation movement of Americans, devouring 40 percent of the normal person’s leisure time as an essential action [when individuals give TV there unified attention]’ † (Gitlin 560). Indeed, even the wealthier pieces of helpless universes approach a type of media. It would take somebody from an underdeveloped nation to be dazed by the way that our lives are continually depicted through TV, radio, web and different types of media. Individuals of today interact with more â€Å"information† in a solitary day than any one individual of Vermeer’s time could have ever envisioned. The media encompasses our reality in each part of society. Gitlin notes in his compositions that the insights referenced â€Å"don’t consider the boards, the TV’s at bars and on planes, the Muzak in cafés and shops . . . nd logos zooming by on the sides of transports and cabs, climbing the dividers of structures, making declarations from tops, packs, T-shirts, and sneakers† (Gitlin 563). Because of the entirety of the most recent innovation and correspondence frameworks individuals can interface with the outside world at whatever point we like. In Gitlin’s end he proceeds to clarify that our closely-held conviction is not, at this point essential to the world. Individuals within recent memory are devotees as opposed to pioneers, and are reliably being sucked in to how the media says we should carry on with our lives. Gitlin feels that the manner in which we carry on with our lives, â€Å"or spend it,† (563) figures out what our identity is. Our lives have gotten totally overwhelmed by innovation and the most recent gadgets. Gitlin contends that even in our most private occasions we can't force ourselves to avoid the media. â€Å"[Our] beneficial experience has become an involvement with the nearness of media† (Gitlin 563). In seventeenth-century time this level of media reliance would be unbelievable. Lords View In my perusing of Todd Gitlin’s Supersaturation, or, the Media Torrent and Disposable Feeling, I have arrived at the resolution that I concur with Gitlin on the matter of a mind-boggling media nearness in today’s world. The media has become such a huge effect on everything on society. From TV, web, and mobile phones to bulletins, magazines, and papers, it has gotten almost difficult to be without media. Obliging Gitlin’s sentiment regarding the matter, I concur that even in our apparently private home lives, we keep on relying upon media and other electronic amusement. These days individuals are continually focused with remaining associated with the outside world through the media utilizing advanced mobile phones, messages, news, interpersonal organizations and sports. As innovation keeps on propelling we become overwhelmed by having the most recent and the best devices to keep us connected to media consistently. These devices have become some portion of our every day schedule to beware of society. Individuals feel lost when they can’t browse there messages or their status on Facebook. Supper in a home used to eat at the lounge area table and having discussions about your day however has now gotten sitting in the family room and staring at the TV. Indeed, even kids have been influenced by this media pattern. They observe more TV than understanding books. There are TV shows to assist them with adapting as opposed to perusing books for math, science and English. Unmistakably the world is being ruled by media. The world has advanced in to a savvy, quick pace place where we need to know all that goes on, not exactly where we live and what’s going on in our carries on with yet the whole world also. We burn through the entirety of our cash on the line, costly hardware to stay up with the latest with media and common news * Technology keeps on propelling (walkman mp3 players, tapes blue beam) * Constantly focused on staying â€Å"connected† to the outside world (utilizing advanced mobile phones to browse email, news, sports) * Has become some portion of day by day schedule to check for refreshes in the public eye * Even sit in front of the television while eating family dinners, tv’s in cafés, convenient PCs, ect * Faster developing interest for vocations in innovation fields

Cognitive Appraisal and/or Personality Traits Free Essays

Proposed APA style reference: Li, M. (2009, March). Subjective examination or potentially character attributes: Enhancing dynamic adapting in two kinds of distressing circumstances. We will compose a custom article test on Intellectual Appraisal and additionally Personality Traits or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now Paper dependent on a program introduced at the American Counseling Association Annual Conference and Exposition, Charlotte, NC. Subjective Appraisal as well as Personality Traits: Enhancing Active Coping in Two Types of Stressful Situations Paper dependent on a program introduced at the 2009 American Counseling Association Annual Conference and Exposition, March 22, Charlotte, North Carolina Ming-hui Li Ming-hui Li, EdD, LPC, LMHC, is an associate teacher in the Department of Human Services and Counseling at St. John’s University, Queens, NY. His territories of claim to fame incorporate pressure adapting and versatility improvement. Undergrads as often as possible experience unpleasant circumstances (Dungan, 2002; Li, 2006). Some undergrads effectively adapt to distressing circumstances while others become survivors of the circumstances. The analyst has been keen on investigating factors that lead undergrads to effectively adapt to distressing circumstances. Upgrading these elements may encourage understudies to utilize dynamic adapting. The term dynamic adapting in the investigation alludes to people’s adapting reactions that are described by tackling issues, looking for social help, and non-shirking. The motivation behind this examination was to investigate powerful indicators of dynamic adapting in two significant sorts of upsetting circumstances among understudies: connection and work. Consequences of this investigation may give data to guides to assist understudies with adjusting better to school life by improving explicit factors in various upsetting circumstances. Hypothetical Framework Researchers have not agreed on the idea of adapting. For instance, process-situated analysts (e. g. , Albinson Petrie, 2003; Lazarus Folkman, 1984; Olff, Langeland Gersons, 2005) recommended that subjective examination decides the reactions people embrace to adapt to upsetting circumstances. Conversely, diathesis-arranged specialists (e. g. , Abela Skitch, 2007; Li Yuan, 2003; Wagner, Chaney, Hommel, Andrews, Jarvis, 2007) proposed that a match between character attributes and stress types chooses adapting reactions. The current examination investigated the degree to which a mix of these two hypothetical methodologies can decide school students’ work of dynamic adapting. Procedure arranged scientists (e. g. , Albinson Petrie, 2003; Lazarus Folkman, 1984; Olff, Langeland Gersons, 2005) recommended that adapting is a procedure (rather than a simple quality) wherein individual variables, for example, convictions, and ecological elements, for example, curiosity, cooperate to influence adapting reactions through subjective evaluation. These specialists contended that character characteristics and condition are deficient to decide adapting reactions. Intellectual examination, they accept, is the thing that decides individuals’ adapting reactions. From their point of view, adapting reactions can be chosen simply after people have subjectively thought to be (a) how their lives are affected by the circumstance and (a) what they can do to manage the circumstance. Conversely, diathesis-arranged analysts (e. g. , Abela Skitch, 2007; Li Yuan, 2003; Wagner, Chaney, Hommel, Andrews, Jarvis, 2007) advocate that individuals’ character characteristics impact adapting reactions in explicit settings. They contended that character characteristics impact adapting reactions most in unpleasant circumstances that are firmly identified with those qualities. For instance, individuals’ self-viability (an errand related attribute) has incredible effect on their adapting reactions to task-related upsetting circumstances, for example, searching for low maintenance work. Conversely, individuals’ secure connection (a connection related attribute) is ground-breaking in impacting adapting reactions to connection related upsetting circumstances, for example, coexisting with new flat mates. The two methodologies have been bolstered by past examinations. Nonetheless, little consideration has been attracted to the chance of consolidating the two methodologies. The current investigation tended to this chance. The examination was expected to investigate the degree to which a blend of these two hypothetical methodologies impacts individuals to effectively adapt to upsetting circumstances. Psychological evaluation and three attributes (self-viability, secure connection, and strength) were remembered for the consolidated model. As indicated by the procedure arranged methodology, intellectual evaluation was relied upon to foresee dynamic adapting over the two upsetting circumstances. In view of the diathesis-arranged methodology, self-adequacy was relied upon to anticipate dynamic adapting in business related unpleasant circumstances, for example, searching for low maintenance work; and secure connection was required to foresee dynamic adapting in connection related circumstances, for example, coexisting with new flat mates. What's more, the analyst theorized that versatility can foresee dynamic adapting in both connection related and business related upsetting circumstances since this quality reflects individuals’ general capacity to direct the negative impacts of pressure (Benetti Kambouropoulos, 2006). Subjective evaluation, self-adequacy, secure connection, and versatility were applied to foresee dynamic adapting in two kinds of upsetting circumstances (connection, work), so as to distinguish the viability of the consolidated model. The two speculations tried in the examination were: Hypothesis 1: In connection related circumstances, secure connection, intellectual evaluation, and strength can adequately anticipate dynamic adapting. Speculation 2: In business related circumstances, self-viability, subjective examination, and strength can successfully foresee dynamic adapting. Techniques Members were 126 understudies enrolled from a school in Taiwan. Their age ran from 18 to 23 years of age. The mean age of this example was 19. 6. Members were sorted into two groupsâ€a connection gathering and a work gathering, in view of their self-revealed upsetting circumstances. The quantities of members in gatherings of connection and work were 76 and 50, individually. The specialist managed a poll to members when they were hanging tight for a class. Members marked educated assent shapes before they reacted to the poll. Information was gathered utilizing a survey containing the Resilience Scale (Wagnild Young, 1993), the Revised Adult Attachment Scale (Collins, 1996), the Coping Strategy Indicator (Amirkhan, 1990), the Chinese Adaptation of General Self-Efficacy Scale (Zhang Schwarzer, 1995), and classification I (subjective examination) of the Student-Life Stress Inventory (Gadzella, 1991). The entirety of the instruments have been utilized to examine undergrads and have exhibited satisfactory legitimacy (develop or simultaneous legitimacy) and dependability (Cronbach’s coefficient alpha range from . 6 to . 93). The entirety of the instruments with the exception of the Chinese adjustment of General Self-Efficacy Scale were interpreted by the specialist from English into Chinese. Two bilingual Psychology educators and four bilingual doctoral understudies analyzed the deciphered instruments. A bilingual undergrad understudy, who was incognizant in regards to the first English instruments, back -made an interpretation of the Chinese variants into English. The first instruments and the back-deciphered instruments were exceptionally close in significance, showing right language transference. Inner consistency assessments of unwavering quality (Cronbach’s coefficient alpha) were figured for every one of the instruments utilized in this investigation. The qualities for coefficient alpha were . 89, . 90, . 75, . 87, and . 81 for the Student-Life Stress Inventory (SSI), the Resilience Scale (RS), the Revised Adult Attachment Scale (AAS-Revised), the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSS), and the Coping Strategy Indicator (CSI), separately. The alpha qualities for the three sub-sizes of the Coping Strategy Indicator (CSI) were . 86 (critical thinking), . 88 (looking for social-support), and . 68 (shirking). What's more, the alpha incentive for the classification I (subjective evaluation) of the Student-Life Stress Inventory (Gadzella, 1991) was . 84. The examination structure of this investigation was a correlational plan with four autonomous (indicator) factors and one ward variable. The four free factors were intellectual evaluation, strength, secure connection, and self-adequacy. The needy variable was dynamic adapting. This exploration configuration comprised of two separate various relapse methods that were utilized to test the proposed model in two kinds of upsetting circumstances. Information Analysis and Results The information were broke down by utilizing SPSS 14. 0. Two strategies of numerous relapse were applied to test the two theories. The progression astute strategy was utilized in light of the fact that the accessible writing doesn't give guidance with respect to how the factors in this investigation ought to be gone into a numerous relapse condition. By utilizing the progression astute technique, the analyst permitted the PC to choose the model with the best factual â€Å"fit. † Correlations among indicator factors and between indicator factors and the needy variable were inspected so as to meet the necessities of different relapse. The anomaly was evacuated so it didn't affect the exactness of information examination. The measure used to screen anomalies were (an) a Cook’s separation more noteworthy than 1, and (b) a normalized remaining more prominent than 3. Theory 1 was bolstered while Hypothesis 2 was not upheld. Results indicated that (a) subjective evaluation and versatility can foresee dynamic adapting in unpleasant circumstances related with connection, and (b) secure connection can anticipate dynamic adapting in business related upsetting circumstances. Tables I and II indicated the outcomes. Table I. Outline of Regression Analyses of Resilience, Secure Attachment, and Self-Efficacy Predicting Active Coping in Relation-Related

Lesson Plan Topics for any Content Area, Grades 7-12

Exercise Plan Topics for any Content Area, Grades 7-12 While each school may haveâ different necessities for the composition of exercise plans or how frequently they are to be submitted, there are regular enough themes that can be sorted out on a layout or guide for instructors for any substance region. A layout, for example, this could be utilized related to the explanation How to Write Lesson Plans. Despite the structure utilized, instructors ought to make certain to remember these two most significant inquiries as they make an exercise plan: What do I need my understudies to know? (objective)How will I realize understudies gained from this exercise? (evaluation) The themes canvassed here in strong are thoseâ topics generally required in exercise plan paying little heed to branch of knowledge. Class: the name of theâ class or classes for which this exercise is expected.  Term: Teachers should take note of the rough time that this exercise will take to finish. There ought to be a clarification if this exercise will be reached out over the courseâ of a few days. Materials Required: Teachers should list any freebees and innovation hardware that is required. Utilization of a layout like this might be useful in wanting to save any media gear ahead of time that may be required for the exercise. An option non-advanced arrangement might be required. A few schools may require a duplicate of gifts or worksheets to be joined the exercise plan layout. Key Vocabulary: Teachers ought to build up a rundown of any new and one of a kind terms that understudies need to comprehend for this lesson.â The title of Lesson/Description: One sentence is typically enough, yet an all around made title on an exercise plan can clarify an exercise all around ok so that even a concise depiction is unnecessary.â Targets: The first of a the exercises two most significant subjects is the exercises objective: What is the explanation or reason for this exercise? What willâ students know or have the option to do at the finish of this lesson(s)? These inquiries drive aâ lessons objective(s). A few schools center around an educator composing and setting the target in see with the goal that the understudies likewise comprehend what the reason for the exercise will be. The objective(s) of an exercise characterizes the desires for learning, and they give a clue on how that learning will be surveyed. Principles: Here instructors should list any state as well as national norms that the exercise addresses. Some school regions expect educators to organize the gauges. As it were, setting an emphasis on those norms which are straightforwardly tended to in the exercise rather than those gauges which are upheld by the lesson.â EL Modifications/Strategies: Here a teacherâ may list any EL (English students) or other understudy alterations as required. These alterations can be planned as explicit to necessities of understudies in a class. Since a considerable lot of the procedures utilized with EL understudies or other exceptional needs understudies are methodologies that are useful for all understudies, this might be a spot to list every instructional technique used to improveâ student understanding for all students (Tier 1 guidance). For instance, there might be an introduction of new material inâ multiple groups (visual, sound, physical)â or there might be different open doors for expanded understudy communication through turn and talks or think, pair, shares. Exercise Introduction/Opening set: This bit of the exercise should give a reason how this presentation will helpâ students make associations with the remainder of the exercise or unit that is being educated. An initial set ought not be occupied work, but instead be an arranged action that establishes the pace for the exercise that follows. Bit by bit Procedure: As the name infers, educators ought to record the means in the succession important to show the exercise. This is an opportunity to thoroughly consider each activity important as a type of mental practice to all the more likely sort out for the exercise. Teachersâ should likewise note down any materials they will requirement for each progression so as to be prepared.â Survey/Possible Areas of Misconception: Teachers can feature terms and additionally thoughts theyâ anticipate may create turmoil, words they will need to return to with the understudies toward the finish of the lesson.â Homework: Note any schoolwork that will be assignedâ to understudies to go with the exercise. This is just a single technique to evaluate understudy realizing which can temperamental as an estimation Assessment: Despite being the solitary of the keep going points on this template,â this is the most significant piece of arranging anyâ lesson.  In the past, casual schoolwork was one measure; high stakes testing was another.  Authors and educators Grant Wiggins and Jay McTigue  posed thisâ in their fundamental work Backward Design:â What will we [teachers] acknowledge as proof of understudy comprehension and capability? They urged instructors to start structuring an exercise by beginning toward the end. Each exercise ought to incorporate a way to respond to the inquiry How will I realize understudies comprehend what was shown in a thing or two? What will my understudies have the option to do?  In request to decide the response to these inquiries, it is critical to design in detail how you intend to gauge or assess understudy learning both officially and informally.â For instance, will the proof of comprehension be a casual leave slip with understudy short reactions to an inquiry or brief toward the finish of an exercise? Specialists (Fisher Frey, 2004) recommended that leave slips can be created for various purposes utilizing diversely worded prompts: Utilize an exit slipâ with a brief that records what was found out (Ex. Think of one thing you learned today);Use anâ exit slipâ with a promptâ that takes into account future learning (Ex. Keep in touch with one inquiry you have about todays lesson);Use anâ exit slipâ with a promptâ that assists with rating any the instructional procedures utilized methodologies (EX: Was little gathering work accommodating forâ this exercise?) Additionally, instructors may decide to utilize a reaction survey or vote. A fast test may likewise give significant input. The conventional survey of schoolwork can likewise give required data to educate instruction.â Tragically, such a large number of optional instructors don't utilize appraisal or assessment on an exercise plan to its best utilize. They may depend on increasingly formal techniques for surveying understudy seeing, for example, a test or paper. These strategies may come past the point of no return in giving the prompt criticism to improve day by day guidance. Be that as it may, becauseâ assessing understudy learning may occur sometime in the not too distant future, for example, a finish of-the-unit test, an exercise plan may give an instructor the chance to make appraisal inquiries for utilize later. Educators can test an inquiry so as to perceive how well understudies may do responding to that question sometime in the future. This will guarantee that you have secured all necessary material and given your understudies the most obvious opportunity at progress. Reflection/Evaluation: This is the place an educator may record the accomplishment of an exercise or make notes for future use. If this is an exercise that will be given more than once during the day, reflection might be a zone where an instructor may clarify or take note of any adjustments on an exercise that has been given a few times through the span of a day. What systems were more effective than other? Whatâ plans might be expected to adjust the exercise? This is the point in a layout where educators could record any suggested changes in time, in materials, or in the techniques used to evaluate understudy understanding. Recording this data can likewise be utilized as a major aspect of a schools assessment process that requests that educators be intelligent in their training.

Teaching Children of Different Abilities Together

Showing Children of Different Abilities Together Free Online Research Papers These days in numerous spots, training assets are disseminated for the most part similarly among offspring of various ages, distinctive knowledge level. A few people propose it is advantageous to isolate youthful understudies into various classifications as per certain guidelines, for example, their knowledge levels. As I would like to think, the view might be inconvenient and unreasonable in a few factors as follows: In the first place, detachment in training as per certain characteristics of a childs knowledge would be unsafe to both more grounded understudies and more vulnerable ones. Aside from these, knowledge isn't the main existing component when setting out assessment plans or guideline, numerous angles should impact the improvement of small kids. Besides, the view can be said to have numerous entanglements in itself, as far as practicality, unwavering quality, and financially wastefulness. Once did, an assessment framework and related checking and assessment rules would need to be built up and executed, which would incite numerous contentions among various areas and various positions. On the opposite side, numerous family unit and kids would need to pay for recently rising expenses, came about because of transportation, convenience and every day diet. All in all, I accept that it is superfluous and unreasonable to designate understudy and instruction assets to a specific standard, for example, knowledge or something in like manner. Not exclusively might it be able to subvert our instruction framework and targets, yet additionally it would disregards certain laws and announcements that ensure the equivalent chances of each person in our general public. Research Papers on Teaching Children of Different Abilities TogetherStandardized TestingHip-Hop is ArtInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesPETSTEL examination of IndiaComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andResearch Process Part OneIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in Capital

Marketing Audit Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Advertising Audit - Article Example Socioeconomics can give such open doors as new clients, expanded deals, and expanded assortment of clients, which all point to the expansion of deals and profitability. Dangers can likewise happen, for example, clients moving endlessly, and clients creating different tastes, in light of connection (Cayla and Arnould, 2008). The economy has progressively gotten powerless, and, thus, edges continue falling thus does resource esteems. On account of these monetary troubles, the organization has confronted number money related difficulties however it stays gainful. To manage these monetary issues, the organization is intending to close around 20 of its stores that are failing to meet expectations so as o cut expenses and set aside cash (Fortune 500 List of Best Companies, 2009). Unmistakably with the current monetary issues and difficulties with the earth, the accessibility of the company’s crude materials will go down with costs expanding. The expenses of vitality are likewise liable to expand on account of similar difficulties. There have been hardly any, gripes about the job of the organization in preservation and contamination. Indeed, the organization has been broadly perceived for its drives in dealing with nature and in manageability. The organization has concocted various objectives to satisfy before the finish of 2012 to guarantee preservation and maintainability. Moreover, the organization likewise uses a carbon impression, practical nourishments, reusable packs, zero waste, and preservation activities to guarantee that the organization harms nature (Fortune 500 List of Best Companies, 2009). There have been major mechanical developments in today’s worldwide market, and in the basic food item industry. For instance, there are new innovations for bundling, for wiping out waste, for guaranteeing green activities, and for creation and assembling. The organization

LinkedIn Is it for Everyone Even Yoga Teachers

LinkedIn Is it for Everyone Even Yoga Teachers When I get interviewed or just talk to people about LinkedIn, one question I often get is, “Does everyone need a LinkedIn profile? Are there some professions where you don’t need one?” I typically respond that there are some job titles where having a LinkedIn profile is not essential for a job search. Nursery school teachers and plumbers might not find their jobs through LinkedIn, nor, probably, will nurses or doctorsâ€"at least not right now. And I still recommend that people have a profile. Why? For one thing, the professional world is constantly changing. Seven years ago, I was telling lawyers that LinkedIn was not the most important place for them to be for their job search. Lawyers are notoriously slow to catch on to emerging technology (most firms insisted on using the dinosaur WordPerfect for years after everyone else had switched to Word). But now most attorneys I encounter find value in LinkedIn, both in the realm of job search and for networking purposes. Why Yoga Teachers Need LinkedIn Profiles One profession that might not be an obvious choice for LinkedIn success is “yoga instructor.” But LinkedIn posted a blog on March 7 about Rebecca Mayne, a woman who built a thriving yoga business using … yep, you guessed it … LinkedIn. Rebecca did something many yoga teachers fail to do: she created a LinkedIn profile. Soon she discovered that yoga studio owners were looking on LinkedIn for teachers. They hired her! She then built her network by connecting on LinkedIn with her students, which led to a private session at someone’s workplace, followed by classes for the organization’s employees. Not only has Rebecca’s corporate yoga business exploded, but she is now training new teachers to do what she does. She was able to do all that because of LinkedIn. And I’m willing to bet that when a corporation is interested in hiring her, the first thing they do is look at her LinkedIn profile. What About Other Professions? A March 9 article from Wellesley College’s newsletter explored this issue as well. Overall, Wellesley students reported that they found the LinkedIn alumni group to be very useful in their networking efforts. One public health student, Sophie Gilbert, reported meeting with 10 alumnae for coffee, which gave her huge value as she was learning about her field. She also regularly reaches out to Wellesley alumnae in organizations that interest herâ€"a practice that could very well lead to a job after graduation. Says Sophie, “LinkedIn can be quite helpful for public health even though there is no specific group for it. You can search for degrees like [Master’s in Public Health] or keywords that have to do with public health and find tons of alumnae who are working in this very broad field. Other than speaking with professors at Wellesley, LinkedIn is all there is for networking in public health.” Sophie Kerwin, in contrast, is a student curatorial research assistant interested in pursuing a Ph.D. in Art History, leading to a career in academic or curatorial work. She has not found LinkedIn to be valuable in pursuing an academic career in art history. Still, she has found it useful as a way to track the career paths of other academics and curators. She has followed a best practice of modeling her profile after theirs, a strategy I recommend highly. “More people from the museum world are utilizing professional networking sites, but few people from the academic world utilize them,” she said. “Most of the networking I’ve done in both fields has been in person [or] through connections I’ve made at Wellesley either in the Art Department or at the Davis Museum.” I agree, based on my experience, that the academic and art worlds have not embraced LinkedIn as fully as have some other professions. But that doesn’t mean they won’t, perhaps even within the next year. Why LinkedIn Can Be for Everyone For everyone, regardless of profession, LinkedIn can be a place to learn, network and explore. There are groups for almost every profession, and if there’s not a group for yours then you can start one. I’ll bet that “if you build it, they will come.” As the Wellesley article stated, “… the site cannot replace other means of networking such as developing in-person connections or creating accounts with career-specific websites.” But that doesn’t mean you should not create a profile and milk it for all it’s worth.

The Three Theoretical Approaches to Strategic Management - Free Essay Example

Introduction Strategic management involves the construction and implementation of major aims and objectives taken by an organisations managers to represent the views of the owners. It is usually based on the consideration of resources, and on an assessment of the internal and external factors affecting the organisation (Nag, et al., 2007). It is an incredibly important factor for company owners to take into consideration as it is directly related to the success of an organisation. This report will explore the three theoretical approach to strategic management; resource based view, market based view and I/O view. Furthermore, it will also investigate three type of strategy, which are corporate strategy, business strategy and operational strategy. Resource Based View The resource based view to strategic management provides an explanation of competitive heterogeneity based on the premise that close competitors differ in their resources and capabilities in important and durable ways (Helfat Peteraf, 2003, p. 997). Furthermore, the resourced based view has become one of the most prominent and influential theories in management. This is because it aspires to explain the internal resources that an organisation can utilise to gain a competitive advantage (Kraaijenbrink, et al., 2009). The central theme of a resource based view to strategic management is that for a firm to achieve sustained competitive advantage it must acquire and control a wide range of resources and capabilities (Barney, 2002). Although the resource based view appears to be an incredibly appealing technique to use, it has been extensively criticised. The various criticisms of the resource based view can broadly fall under six main categories. These are (Kraaijenbrink, et al., 2 009); No managerial implications: The resource based view tells managers that certain resources, valuable, rare, inimitable and non-sustainable (VRIN), should be obtained. However, it doesnt give feedback on how managers should go about obtaining these resources (Conner, 2002). Implies infinite regress: Many theorists critique the resource based view because it will lead firms into an infinite loop of endlessly searching for the best resources. Collis (1994, p. 148) states a firm that has the superior capability to develop structures that better innovate products will, in due course, surpass the firm that has the best product innovation capability todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Applicability is too limited: Conner (2002) believes that the resource based view can only be adopted by large firms who have a lot of market power. This alienates many, smaller firms, from being able to benefit from the success that a resources based view can hold. Sustained competitive advantage is not achievable: The resource based view is focused on sustaining competitive advantage. However, competitive advantage cannot really be sustained because Both the skills/resources, and the way organizations use them, must constantly change, leading to the creation of continuously changing temporary advantages (Fiol, 2002, p. 692). Not a theory of the firm: Most academics agree that the resource based view is not a theory of the firm, but with some turning it into a critique. As the resource based view does not take into account operational boundaries, values, internal structure or asset ownerships, it cannot be a theory of the firm (Dosi, et al., 2008). Definition of resource is unworkable: Many definitions of resources are extremely broad, and if all were taken account than anything of substance to a company would be considered a resource. As the resource based view does not take into account the different definitions and types of resource, it is hard to apply to specific situations (Kraaijenbrink, et al., 2009). Market Based View This perspective focuses on factors outside the firm on the markets in which it competes. Furthermore, the market based view states that the sources of value for the firm are embedded in the competitive situation characterizing its external product markets (Makhija, 2003, p. 437). This basically means that a firms sources of market power is a contributing factor to the organisations performance. Most academics highlight three main sources of market power, these are (Grant, 1991); Monopoly: If a firm has market power in the form of a monopoly then they should expect exceptional business performance. This is because they will be the only company operating within a market, and can dictate the pricing of their products at free will. However, they will also be susceptible to new companies penetrating the market. Barriers to entry: For a company operating as a monopoly they will want to impose strict barriers of entry to try and maintain control of the market for as long as possible Furthermore, this approach should be taken by most companies in a dominant market position, as they do not want other companies to penetrate the market and steal market share. Bargaining Power: The more bargaining power a company has, in regards to both consumers and suppliers, the higher the expected performance would be. This is because if the firm has a low of power over their suppliers and consumers, then the chances are that there are not many substitutes for the suppliers or consumers to choose between. Once again, this allows the company to have dominant impact on the pricing within the market. Furthermore, because many academics suggest that business markets evolve very slowly (Geroski Masson, 1987; Mueller, 1986), it means that market power does not erode rapidly, and a company can maintain it for a reasonably long time. However, even if the market were to dramatically change, a company can utilise their current market power to cushion the effects of any detrimental actions that may occur. Industrial/Organisation View The organisation view on strategic management focuses on how an organisation chooses which industries to operate. It suggests that if an industry is performing exceptionally well, then a business can enter that market and reap substantial financial benefits (Chin, et al., 2003). It is centred on Porters Five Forces (1980), as it analyses the different modes and restrictions of entry into a market. Makhija (2003) takes the view that the I/O view is about manipulating power asymmetries and trying to develop market power. It does this by attempting to minimise the impact of Porters Five Forces, such as industry rivals and threat of new entrants. Furthermore, an I/O view would view market power as a substantial defence against new entrants, and that the industry can have significant impacts on competitive advantage, not so much the market or the organisation. It is a relatively outdated view of competitive advantage, with the resource based view and market based view being preferred by most academics and corporations. Corporate Strategy Michael E Porter (1987, p. 1) defines corporate strategy as the concern as business as on how to create competitive advantage in each of the businesses in which a company competes. In essence, corporate strategy concerns every facet of the business, to add up to more than the sum of its business unit parts. Furthermore, Porter (1987) outlines four generic strategies that exist at a corporate level. These are; Portfolio Management: This is a corporate strategy that is in use by most organisations. It is primarily based on a diversification strategy through acquisition. Although acquisitions can be in a completely new market, corporate managers will often limit the differences to focus their own personal expertise. Furthermore, the acquired firms should run autonomous, with teams focusing on their own work and being reward based on unit results. Restructuring: This is quite dissimilar to portfolio management, as it involves the complete restructuring of businesses. A corporate manager will usually acquire a company with unrealised potential and then seek to actively review and restructure the business operations. This strategy benefits from underperforming companies that are at threat of going into liquidation. When well implemented, the restructuring strategy offers many benefits, it is a cheap mode of acquisition and still leaves a lot of freedom for development. Transferring Skills: The previous two strategies both rely on the acquisition or restructuring of companies and leaving them to operate autonomously. However, a transferring skills strategy seeks to build interconnected relationships between each business unit of the corporation. However, sometimes business units will not synergise well together and no matter how hard a corporation tries, the skills cannot be transferred. This can prove costly and timely for an organisation. Sharing Activities: The final strategy developed by Porter (1987) is via a sharing activities strategy. This strategy is a blend of the three previous strategies, as it leaves business units to act autonomously, but will seek to share a portion of activities between them. This could be in the form of production, supply chain or distribution. Furthermore, this strategy is becoming more and more prominent as sharing often enhances competitive advantage for a business by lowering costs. As all four strategies have a variety of benefits, a corporation must decide on what strategy is most beneficial to follow. In general, the sharing activities strategy will be very suitable, as it is a cheap strategic choice, potentially lowering costs, and maintains the autonomy between business units. However, if a company is looking for rapid strategic growth then they may just build up a large portfolio of acquisitions. Unfortunately, this does come with a substantial amount of risk and resource usage. Business Strategy A business strategy is fundamentally the way in which an organisation will set out to achieve any designated aims or objectives. Furthermore, a business strategy will typically cover a period of around 3-5 years and encompasses three generic strategies. These are; growth, globalisation and retrenchment. Growth and globalisation both look at how an organisation can expand their operations, either domestically or internationally. On the other hand, retrenchment is a defensive strategy, and looks into ways in which an organisation can reduce their operations to focus on what they do best (BCS, 2015). As with the other strategies, business strategy is still meant to give an organisation competitive advantage. There are a variety of ways in which a business strategy can achieve this, including lowering prices or product differentiation. Business strategy is significantly different to corporate strategy in this regard, as it relates to the finer details of operation and gives individu al employees a say on decision making. Functional/Operational Strategy Strategy in an operational context is essentially about how the organization seeks to survive and prosper within its environment over the long-term (Barnes, 2007, p. 24). Furthermore, Slack, et al., (2004) outline five key attributes that an operational strategy will try and achieve. These are; Cost: The ability for an organisation to produce at a low cost. Quality: The ability for an organisation to produce within specification and with minimal errors. Speed: The ability for an organisation to produce quickly and meet consumer needs and demands, such as offering a short lead time between when a customer orders a product and when it gets delivered. Dependability: The ability for an organisation to deliver their products in accordance with any promises made to the consumer. Flexibility: The ability for an organisation to be able to change their operations at any given time. This can include changing volume of production or the time taken to produce. If a company can perform exceptionally well in one or more of these factors, then it allows them to pursue a strategy that uses the factor as a competitive advantage. Barnes (2007) provides a table highlighting the different competitive strategies that a company can pursue dependent on where they are exercising efficient operations. Excellent Operations Performance in Gives the Ability to Compete on Cost Low Price Quality High Quality Speed Fast Delivery Dependability Reliable Delivery Flexibility Frequent new products/services Wide range of products/services Changing the volume of product/service deliveries Changing the timing of product/service deliveries Furthermore, it is highly unlikely that an organisation will be able to act proficiently at every one of the five factors mentioned above, so choosing one to excel it is a preferred method. If a company were to try and focus on all five factors they will likely cause confusion and actually lose their competitive edge. This concept was proposed by Skinner (1969) and is referred to as the trade-off strategy. It basically means that a company can trade-off performance in one facet of their operations to perform exceptionally well in another. Operations can play a fundamental role in strategic decision making, and a company must be clear on where they are performing well in order to market this as a competitive advantage. Conclusion There is not really an optimum strategy to pursue for an organisation, as it is dependent on a variety of external factors that could be specific to the organisation. Careful planning and preparation must be conducted before any organisation commits to following a certain strategy, otherwise they may risk losing substantial resources. Furthermore, the resourced based view and market based view both have their merits, with a combination of the two probably being the most optimum method. An organisation should order their resources to establish a strong market power within an industry. Once this market power has been attained, corporate level members can begin filtering down aims and objectives that can be accomplished by business and operational strategies. 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